In this paper, I propose a new response to a particular instance of the problem of evil: the problem of animal suffering. My solution, in brief, is that the rational theist may argue, justifiably, that an omnipotent, omniscient, omnibenevolent God would not allow gratuitous animal suffering to occur, and, therefore, all instances of animal suffering that are encountered are not instances of gratuitous evil. I maintain that the justification for this response to the problem of evil does not depend on the availability of a persuasive argument for the existence of God. I will focus on one category of animal suffering: the gratuitous suffering of unseen animals. For reasons that will become clear, I think that this category of evil is the most difficult for the rational theist to explain. If this problem can be solved with my proposed defense, then, I think, any problem of animal suffering can be solved.

Moore’ s Sentences are Sentences of the form “ p but I don't believe that p” or “ p but I believe that not-p” . These Sentences are called the omissive and the commissive form of Moorean sentence, respectively. These Sentences might be true, yet they are ‘ absurd’ to believe. It is usually claimed that absurdity only occurs when these Sentences are formulated in the present tense, but if they are expressed in the past tenses or future tenses they would not be absurd. In this paper, we will analyze the Moore’ s Sentences in various tenses: past, present, and future. In this respect we employ a logic which is a combination of hybrid tense logic and doxastic logic. Then by formalizing the Moore’ s Sentences in various tenses we show that, contrary to popular belief, the past and future versions are not necessarily absurd. Finally, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for determining the absurdity of the Moore’ s Sentences.

Abolfazl Beihaqi, a great writer of the Qaznavi period, using the sentence "no one remembered a case like that" and similar Sentences in his history book, makes further explanation unnecessary for himself and for his audience. Investigating the application of such Sentences with a high frequency (approximately 50) illustrates that he has used them in four cases: in joys and parties (40%), in ceremonies of giving gifts or ranks (27%), in the case of skills (20%), and in natural disasters (13%). We can imagine the following objective for Beahaqi's use of these Sentences: using them in their real meanings (32%), unprecedency of the case for Beihaqi (17%), using them as a habit (12%), and using them exaggeratively (39%).The last use is the most frequent one which shows Beihaqi's great love of Sultan Mas'oud, which is not lessened by the interval between the events and the date of writing the book (about 30 years). On the other hand, using these Sentences in their real meaning is representative of the luxuries of the Qaznavi's court, unprecedented vinosity and parties, as well as the ingeniousness of the men of the court, especially his ancestors.

Moore’ s Sentences are Sentences of the form “ p but I don't believe that p” or “ p but I believe that not-p” . These Sentences might be true, yet they are ‘ absurd’ to believe or assert. According to some version of Higher-Order Theories of Consciousness such as Higher-Order Thought Theory (HOT), it is claimed that conscious beliefs in Moorean Sentences is not possible. Namely, one will become irrational with their conscious beliefs in their set of beliefs. In this paper we will first introduce Higher-Order Theories of Consciousness and will show that How they work. we will then argue that there are at least four criticisms against approaches based on Higher-Order Theories of Consciousness in relation of Moore's Paradox and thus are not tenable. Key words: Moore's paradox, epistemic paradox, rationality, Consciousness, Higher-Order Thought Theory

For those lerners who are studying basic English, the problem of stress in words and Sentences is of great importance. The English language is considered among those languages that its correct pronunciation entirely depends on the accurate stress and intonation. Furthermore, it is highly probable that any misplacement of stress or wrong application causes many mistakes and misunderstandings. In this essay, this purpose is briefly accomplished. In other words, the present study can be regarded as a trivial attempt to draw the attention of the learner towards learning an important aspect of language teaching that is less or rarely considered.

The most important function of language is to establish communication. What serves this function is not the words but Sentences. Thus a discussion of Sentences is of special importance. For this reason, typology of Sentences is an inseparable part of the grammar of each language. In Arabic, sentence shave traditionally been divided into nominal and verbal Sentences. In this paper the writer takes a fresh look at this traditional typology and presents an alternative typology by criticizing the traditional one.

Promotion is a complex process that is considered as an integrated part of human life today. Within this complicated and marvelous process, there is an important part that instinctively corresponds to literature and literary language: Creation of business (promotional) Sentences. Those are Sentences, which are valuable and reminiscent like a poem or short story, despite of their terseness.Most of these promotional Sentences are precipitated in people’s mind to the extent that they remain for several years and will not be forgotten. However, the basic question is here that why this happens. Is that product very important or was business sentence written in a particular way?In writer’s viewpoint, what causes a promotional sentence to be remained and precipitated in audiences’ mind is the same as what is also seen in remembrance of a verse i.e. way of expression that rises a sentence higher than at normal level and enhances literary level. In formation of such expression, those terms and techniques are used which are mainly common with literary terms in a poem.In this essay, in addition to review of the foremost business (trading) Sentences in Iran during several recent years, it has been tried to analyze them as well so that thereby way of creating these types of Sentences and reason of their success to be revealed.

Hadiqat-ul Haqiqah (the book of Walled Garden of Truth), composed by Hakim Abul-Majd Majdud ibn Adam Sana' i Ghaznavi (died around 1131), is one of the most famous mystic books. Sana' i, in order to leave impression on his reader, uses interrogative Sentences in this work. The present article tries, by studying 20 percent of 25000 verses, tries to show the uses of interrogative Sentences in the moods of denying, forbidding, reprimanding, blaming, amazing, desiring.

This paper deals with the movement of subject in Persian Sentences. In the traditional model of X bar syntax, sentence is considered as a maximal projection of inflection which is functional category (IP) in which subject is base generated in Spec of IP where it is assignednominative case by the tense and agreement features of INFL. There are some types of evidencein Persian which show that the movement of subject is an example of topicalisation in which the subject moves to the Spec of CPoIt seems that this movement as an A-movement is not case-driven and therefore can not be considered as a Raising Transformation. An analysis of some Persian Sentences in which subject movement takes place supports the fact that there is no Raising Verb in Persian. The position of Pro in persian embedded finite clauses also shows that the PRO theorem can not be maintained by generating it in Spec of VP.

Introduction: Considered as an important factor in communication, prosody is composed of a number of features including intonation, pitch, stress, rhythm and duration, among others. Intonation is the variation of pitch in the course of producing a sentence. In this study, fundamental frequency range was defined as the minimum and maximum amounts of fundamental frequency one can produce when speaking a sentence. The aim of the present study was to evaluate two aspects of prosody, namely, fundamental frequency range and intonation contour in declarative Sentences expressed by normal Farsi-speaking adults through laboratory procedures. Materials and Methods: Participants of this cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study were 134 males and females, aging between 18 to 30 years, who natively spoke Farsi. Voice samples obtained by having each subject produce 2 declarative Sentences were analyzed by Dr. Speech program (real analysis software). Data were statistically analyzed via unilateral analysis variance and intonation contour was drawn for each of these Sentences. Results: The intonation contour was similar among two sex groups. However, fundamental frequency range of males during speaking the Sentences significantly differed from that produced by female subjects (P≤0.001). Conclusion: The intonation contour of declarative Sentences was characterized by a falling status at the end of the sentence. Females showed much more changes in fundamental frequency in order to transfer declarative state in their expressions than males did.